16 tu This new REFLEXIVE PREFIX In the ZULU – A great TYPOLOGICAL Direction Sonja E. Bosch On this page I’ll take a look at the brand new root of one’s reflexive prefix within the Zulu, investing special attention for the means of grammaticalization by which lexemes change into grammatical formatives. While the reflexivization in some Bantu dialects might be compared, the article are typically in the form of a good typological studies. Inside the Lehmann s () talk of the phenomena which can be commonly referred to as reflexive, it’s fascinating to note which he assumes four kinds of reflexives, particularly 0) autophoric nouns which are average nouns such body, breathing, soul, direct one to ple, for the Sanscrit the latest noun dtman meaning inhale, soul, as well as in Basque, the noun burua meaning lead, are widely used to display the equivalent of English self. Autophoric nouns utilized while the reflexives usually are with a good possessive pronoun, as in another example off Vedic: Vedic (1) bdlam dadhana dtmani stamina:acc lay:region putting strength into the themselves (ii) reflexive nouns being nouns expressing the definition thinking and nothing more, like the Italian language selbst myself and you can Finnish itse just like the illustrated about adopting the examples: 344
17 German (2) Ich komme selbst I am future myself Finnish (3) Halu-at-ko lipu-t itse-lle-si? want-dos.sg-int admission-acc.pl self-all-poss.dos.sg Would you like the latest entry for your self? During the dialects such as for example Finnish, Hungarian and you may Turkish reflexive nouns take possessive affixes, whilst in most other dialects particularly German or the Relationship dialects, these types of nouns are not generally speaking together with possessive pronouns. (iii) reflexive pronouns having the main function of it comes down back to the topic, including the German sich from inside the: Italian language (4) Sie waschen sich He could be laundry themselves (iv) verbal reflexives which happen to be verb affixes indicating that action somehow affects the subject, such as the next advice: Swahili (5) a-li-ji-ona SBJ.REFL-get a hold of he spotted himself Turkish (6) focuk yika-n-di boy clean-refl-through the son sparkling themselves Lehmann () emphasizes that boundaries between your categories is liquid and you can says why these four categories of reflexive issues are in reality into the a scale away from expanding grammaticalization.
18 Lexical goods Grammatical * morpheme Lehmann (ff) will bring instances in different dialects to train the changes which have taken place or are still taking place from a single category to help you the second. The entire process of changes was affirmed from the Faltz () just who, with regard to their morphological difference between a couple of chief types of reflexives, specifically NP-reflexives which may integrate a moderate morpheme becoming lead of one’s reflexive noun keywords, and you will spoken reflexives, consisting of reflexive pronouns which can be cliticized onto the verb, remarks: Dialects can get change from that pole to your almost every other, actually, such as for example way are always about NP-reflexive pole into spoken reflexive rod. In Zulu reflexiveness are realized by means of a beneficial prefix and this individually precedes this new verb base. The latest reflexive prefix was invariable in form, and therefore it is good morphological profile and therefore remains ongoing no matter the course that their antecedent belongs. This can be clearly represented from the following the advice in Zulu: (7a) Umfana wazishaya the new-kid he-himself strike the kid hit themselves (7b) Intombazane izibona esibukwini new-lady she-herself-find in-reflect This lady notices by herself regarding reflect During these advice -zi- ‘s the reflexive morpheme as well as the steps away from hit to see is led straight back abreast of the fresh respective grammatical victims, which is, man and you may woman. It is interesting you to within the generative training, a serious perception is generated to the root design off sentences with which has reflexives, namely NP1 – V – NP1. At first glance, such a casing try ungrammatical about Bantu languages whether your several NPs are co-referential and you will identical in shape, elizabeth.g. (8) *USipho wakhohlisa usipho * Sipho cheated Sipho During the Zulu particularly a sentence is established grammatical of the installation away from an effective reflexive prefix about verb and you can brand new deletion of your co-referential noun. nazwa użytkownika only lads elizabeth.g. 346